Steam radish sprout (Raphanus sativus L.): active substances,antioxidant activities and non-targeted metabolomics analysis

Various active substances, antioxidant activities and primary differential metabolite profiles were investigated to assess the nutritional quality of radish sprouts steamed for 0–300 s. The levels of flavonoids, total phenolic content and isothiocyanate in radish sprouts decreased with increased steaming time, and DPPH radical scavenging activity levels and superoxide dismutase levels also exhibited a downward trend (P < 0.05). By contrast, total phenolic acid, ferric-reducing antioxidant power and reducing power levels exhibited significant increases in the early short-term steaming process (P < 0.05). Steaming for 30 s promoted the accumulation of vitamin B₂, whereas, steaming for 300 s promoted the accumulation of phospholipids and myristic acid to a greater extent than steaming for 30 s. Overall, there was a partial non-decreased nutritional indicator in short-term steaming of radish sprouts, and a longer steaming time positively affected the differential metabolites.     

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Denitrifying Ammonium Oxidation System in Treating Sulfamethoxazole-laden Secondary Wastewater Effluent

In this study,nitrogen removal performance of the denitrifying ammonium oxidation(DAO)process was investigated when treating sulfamethoxazole(SMX)-laden secondary wastewater effluent.The influent SMX concentration showed negligible effect on efficiencies for removal of nitrate and COD.However,the ammonium ions removal rate was moderately reduced,when the influent SMX concentration in wastewater reached 6 mg/L.Total nitrogen removal efficiency remained as high as 76.77%towards the day 158 at the end of experiment.Candidatus_Brocadia and Candidatus_Kuenenia were the functional anammox strains.The unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae sp.was predominant heterotrophic denitrifying strain in the studied reactor.The concentrations of soluble extracellular polymeric substances in sludge obviously increased from 16.76 mg/g VSS to 32.31 mg/g VSS,which might protect the nitrogen removal strains from high-concentration SMX.This result provides a theoretical and technical foundation for the application of denitrifying ammonium oxidation process in treating sulfamethoxazole-laden secondary wastewater effluent.     

加工方式对玉筋鱼干风味的影响

为研究加工方式对玉筋鱼干风味的影响，实验按加工方式分为加盐煮制冷风干燥（boiling in salt solution followed by cold air drying，SCC）组和冷风干燥（cold air drying，CD）组。采用电子鼻技术、气相离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy，GC-IMS）技术、氨基酸自动分析技术、高效液相色谱技术测定玉筋鱼干中的风味成分。结果表明，不同加工方式制作的玉筋鱼干在气味、滋味方面存在显著差异。电子鼻、GC-IMS技术均能区分不同工艺制作的玉筋鱼干气味，采用GC-IMS技术共分析出68 种挥发性成分，庚醛、戊醛、3-甲基丁醛对玉筋鱼干独特风味的形成有重要影响，其中3-甲基丁醛源自CD工艺，其区别于SCC工艺气味的关键物质。玉筋鱼干中的主要鲜味氨基酸是Glu，主要呈味核苷酸是肌苷酸；CD组玉筋鱼干中的鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸含量占总游离氨基酸的比重高于SCC组，同时CD组滋味活性值、味精当量值均高于SCC组，所以仅采用CD工艺制作的玉筋鱼干滋味优于加盐煮制后CD工艺制作的玉筋鱼干。     

Recent advances in fishy odour in aquatic fish products,from formation to control

Aquatic products are one of the most important foods with plenty of high-quality protein, unsaturated fatty acids (EPA, DHA), a variety of minerals and other essential nutrients. However, the bad smell of fish, such as fishy smell and earthy smell, restricts its production and consumption. The main fishy odour substances from freshwater fish and marine fish are different. The geosmin and 2-methylisobomeol are the main compounds in freshwater fish, and aldehydes, alcohols and ketones are found in most marine fish. The odour compounds can come from environment like water, feed and alga, enzymolysis and oxidative reactions of protein and lipid. Thus, it is necessary to remove or inhibit odour by managing farming environment like improving water quality, using physical method like adding some substance to cover the bad smell and using some chemical or biological method to prevent enzymolysis or oxidation. Therefore, knowing the composition of fishy substances and understanding their production pathways will play an important role in suppressing fishy substances and improving the competitiveness of consumer production. Besides, it could provide new ideas for innovative deodorising methods.     

烟用香精香料中奎尼酸的测定

建立以高效液相色谱测定烟用香精香料中奎尼酸含量的方法。以质量分数50%的乙醇为萃取剂,样品经振荡提取后,采用C18色谱柱分离和二极管阵列检测器测定。结果表明,奎尼酸在1.0～250.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999,检出限为3.12μg/g,加标回收率为92.6%～105.1%,相对标准偏差（RSD）〈5%（n=5）。所建立的方法具有灵敏度高、准确性好、操作简便等优点,适合于烟用香精香料中奎尼酸的批量测定。     

烟草味电子烟油中挥发性成分分析

采用二氯甲烷对3家公司的5种电子烟油样品进行萃取,并用气-质联用（GC-MS）法鉴定。通过对NIST 11谱库的检索,对5种样品中挥发性成分进行了比较分析。结果表明5种样品中的挥发性成分差别较大,共鉴定出40种挥发性成分,依据作用或来源分为雾化剂、烟叶提取物和薄荷提取物三类。其中相对含量水平较高且在5种样品中都检出的成分是丙二醇、烟碱和甘油。3家公司的5种烟草味电子烟油在抽吸品质上有所差异,C公司样品在抽吸感官感受上相较其他两家公司样品具有明显优势,其中样品C1又略好于C2。比较发现,C公司电子烟油的挥发性成分中含特有的8种多甘醇类化合物,可能是这些物质的协同作用而改善了抽吸品质。     

一种火腿肠用膏状香精的制备

结合香精调配技术和美拉德反应,通过单因素考察及正交试验,优化原料配比、工艺条件等各种影响因素,制备一种肉香浓郁、留香持久且稳定性好的火腿肠用膏状香精。研究结果表明,美拉德反应的最佳物料配比为：葡萄糖2．5g,DL-蛋氨酸1．5g,L-半胱氨酸1．0g;最佳工艺条件为：反应时间90min,反应温度103℃。